Verb- this is an independent part of speech that answers the questions what to do?, what to do? (to be, to study, to dream, to go...)

According to the method of formation of past tense forms (V2) and past participles (V3), all verbs of the English language are divided into 2 groups: regular verbs (Regular Verbs) and irregular verbs (Irregular verbs).

The English verb has three forms. Verb forms are designated by Roman numerals I, II, III.

I form(or an infinitive without to), for example: to make (to do) – make – the first, or main form, which answers the question what to do?, what to do? Using the first form of the verb, the Present Simple Tense is formed. When forming Present Simple Tense, the ending is added to the I form of the verb in the 3rd person singular (he, she, it – he, she, it) –s or -es(he jumpes, she jumpes, it jumpes, he cries, she cries, it cries, he does, she does, it does) . With other pronouns (I, we, you, you, they - I, we, you, you, they) the I form of the verb is used without changes.

II form serves to form the simple past tense (Past Simple Tense). When forming the simple past tense, both regular and irregular verbs are used. Regular verbs form II and III forms by adding a suffix to the stem I form –ed(jump – jumped – jump – jumped) . If the verb is not regular, then its past tense form corresponds to the second column in the table of irregular verbs (be – was/were, do – did, make – made).

III form- Participle II (Participle II) is a special form of the verb that denotes the attribute of an object by action and answers the questions of the adjective (lost, baked, made). For regular verbs, form III coincides with form II: jump (I) – jumped (II) – jumped (III) (jump – jumped – jumped). II and III forms of irregular verbs can be formed in various ways, indicated below.

Regular verbs

Regular verbs form II and III forms by adding a suffix to the stem I form -ed (-d), which is pronounced like:

• [ d] after vowels and voiced consonants: to clean (clean) – cleaned (cleaned); to play (play) - played (played);
• [ t] after the deaf ones: to work (work) – worked (worked), to look (look) – looked (looked);
• after [d] And [t]: to want (want) – wanted (wanted), to mend (repair) – mended (repaired).

When forming II and III forms of verbs, pay attention to the following spelling rules:

• If the I form is a short root syllable and ends with one consonant, then when adding the ending –ed the last vowel of the root is doubled: to stop (stop) – sto pped(has stopped).
• -y, preceded by a consonant, the letter y changes to i: to carry (carry) - carried (carried), to study (study) - studied (studied). But if the stem of the verb ends in -y, preceded by a vowel, then simply adds to the base of the verb - ed: to play (play) – played (played), to stay (stay) – remained (remained).
• If the stem of the verb ends in -e, which is not pronounced, then II and III forms of the verb are formed by adding the ending - d: to arrive (arrive) – arrived (arrived).

Irregular Verbs

Irregular Verbs- these are verbs that have special, fixed forms of the past tense and participles; their forms do not have a clear formation algorithm and are acquired by memorizing: to make (to do) - made (made) - made (made). Most English irregular verbs are native English, derived from verbs that existed in Old English. Most irregular verbs exist as remnants of historical conjugation systems (changing the verb according to persons - I'm going, you're going, he's going...).

Irregular verbs are used to form the past simple (Past Simple), present perfect (Present Simple), past perfect tenses (Past Perfect), in passive voice (Passive voice), when converting direct speech into indirect speech (Reported speech), in conditional sentences ( Conditional sentences).

table of irregular verbs

Infinitive		Past Tense		Past Participle		Translation
arise	[ə"raiz]	arose	[ə"rəuz]	arises	[ə"riz(ə)n]	arise, appear
awake	[ə"weik]	awoke	[ə"wəuk]	awoken	[ə"wəukən]	wake up, wake up
be		was,were	,	been		be
bear		bore		born		give birth, bring
beat		beat		beaten	["bi:tn]	beat
become		became		become		become
begin		began		begun		start off)
bend		bent		bent		bend, bend
bind		bound		bound		bind
bite		bit		bitten	["bɪtn]	bite)
bleed		bled		bled		bleed
blow		blew		blown		blow
break		broke		broken	["broukən]	break)
breed		bred		bred		bring up
bring		brought		brought		bring
build		built		built		build
burn		burnt		burnt		burn, burn
burst		burst		burst		burst out, explode
buy		bought		bought		buy
cast		cast		cast		throw, pour (metal)
catch		caught		caught		catch, grab
choose		chose		chosen	["tʃouzən]	choose, select
come		came		come		come
cost		cost		cost		cost
cut		cut		cut		cut
dig		dug		dug		dig, dig
do		did		done		do
draw		drew		drawn		draw, drag
dream		dream		dream		dream, dream
drink		drank		drunk		drink
drive		drove		driven	["drɪvən]	drive
eat		ate		eaten	["i:tn]	There is
fall		fell		fallen	["fɔ:lən]	fall
feed		fed		fed		feed
feel		felt		felt		feel
fight		fought		fought		fight
find		found		found		find
fit		fit		fit		fit to size
fly		flew		flown		fly
forget		forgot		forgotten		forget
forgive		forgave		forgiven		forgive
freeze		froze		frozen	["frouzən]	freeze
get		got		got		receive
give		gave		given	["gɪvən]	give
go		went		gone		go, walk
grow		grew		grown		grow
hang		hung		hung		hang, hang out
have		had		had		have
hear		heard		heard		hear
hide		hid		hidden	["hɪdn]	hide
hit		hit		hit		hit the target
hold		held		held		hold
hurt		hurt		hurt		injure, bruise
keep		kept		kept		keep, save
kneel		knelt		knelt		kneel
knit		knit		knit		knit (knitting)
know		knew		known		know
lay		laid		laid		put
lead		led		led		lead, lead
lean		leant		leant		tilt
learn		learn		learn		learn
leave		left		left		leave, leave
lend		tape		tape		borrow, lend
let		let		let		let
lie		lay		lain		lie
light		lit		lit		illuminate, light up
lose		lost		lost		lose
make		made		made		do
mean		meant		meant		to mean
meet		met		met		meet
mistake		mistook		mistaken		make a mistake
pay		paid		paid		to pay
put		put		put		put, put
read		read		read		read
ride		rode		ridden	["rɪdn]	ride
ring		rank		rung		call, ring
rise		rose		risen	["rɪzən]	get up
run		ran		run		run
say		said		said		speak
see		saw		seen		see
seek		sought		sought		search
sell		sold		sold		sell
send		sent		sent		send
set		set		set		put, put
shake	[ʃeɪk]	shook	[ʃʊk]	shaken	["ʃeɪkən]	shake
shine	[ʃaɪn]	shone	[ʃoun, ʃɒn]	shone	[ʃoun, ʃɒn]	shine, shine, glisten
shoot	[ʃu:t]	shot	[ʃɒt]	shot	[ʃɒt]	fire
show	[ʃou]	showed	[ʃoud]	shown	[ʃoun]	show
shrink	[ʃriŋk]	shrank	[ʃræŋk]	shrunk	[ʃrʌŋk]	to sit down (about material), to reduce (to), to reduce (to)
shut	[ʃʌt]	shut	[ʃʌt]	shut	[ʃʌt]	close
sing		sang		sung		sing
sink		sank		sunk		drown
sit		sat		sat		sit
sleep		slept		slept		sleep
smell		smelt		smelt		sniff, smell
slide		slide		slide		slide
sow		sowed		south		sow, sow
smell		smelled		smelled		sniff, smell
speak		spoke		spoken	["spoukən]	speak
spell		spelled		spelled		to spell
spend		spent		spent		spend
spill		spilt		spilt		shed
spit		spat		spat		spit
split		split		split		split
spoiler		spoilt		spoilt		spoil
spread		spread		spread		distribute
stand		stood		stood		stand
steal		stole		stolen	["stoulən]	steal
stick		stuck		stuck		stick, stick, persist
sting		stung		stung		sting
strike		struck		struck		strike, strike
strive		strove		striven	["strɪvn]	try, strive
swear		swore		sworn		take an oath
sweep		swept		swept		revenge, sweep
swim		swam		swum		swim
take		took		taken	["teɪkən]	take, take
teach		taught		taught		learn
tear		tore		torn		tear
tell		told		told		tell
think	[θɪŋk]	thought	[θɔ:t]	thought	[θɔ:t]	think
throw	[θrou]	threw	[θru:]	thrown	[θroun]	throw
understand	[ʌndər "stænd]	understood	[ʌndər "stʊd]	understood	[ʌndər "stʊd]	understand
upset	[ʌp"set]	upset	[ʌp"set]	upset	[ʌp"set]	upset, upset (plans), upset
wake		woke up		woken	["woukən]	wake up
wear		wore		worn		wear
weep		wept		wept		cry
wet		wet		wet		wet, moisturize
win		won		won		win, win
wind		wound		wound		wriggle, wind, wind (watch)
write		wrote		written	["rɪtn]	write

How to remember forms of irregular verbs?

Hello dear readers! I have prepared another lesson for you, which is dedicated to nouns. Today's lesson can also be considered as a subtopic on word formation in English. After studying the material, you will learn what nouns are in the English language according to their composition, and also become familiar with the three most productive ways of forming nouns. Let's first remember what a noun is in English.

So, a noun in English is an independent part of speech that answers the questions “who?” or “what?” In a sentence, a noun can act as a subject, object, circumstance, predicate. A noun can denote the names of: things, persons, living beings, substances, events, facts, phenomena, geographical locations, properties, actions, qualities, states, etc.

And now, before moving directly to the methods of forming nouns, it is necessary to first determine what nouns are in terms of their composition.

In English, nouns can be classified according to their composition into three groups:

1. Simple nouns are monosyllabic words.

a book - book, a ball - ball, a table - table, a hair - hair, a dress - dress

2. Derivatives nouns are words that consist of a stem + a prefix or suffix (sometimes both).

impossibility - improbability, darkness - darkness, a builder - builder, politeness - politeness

3. Complex nouns are words that are made up of two or more stems. Compound nouns can be written together and with a hyphen.

railway - railway, merry-go-round - carousel

Ways to form nouns in English

As you probably already guessed, the main ways of forming nouns in English are conversion, collocation And affixation. Let's look at each method in more detail.

1. Conversion
In English, conversion is extremely productive for word formation. The essence of this method is that the word passes from one part of speech to another, without changing its form at all. New nouns in English are formed mainly from verbs in this way.

• Ver.: to look - look →
• Noun: a look
• Ch.: to play - play →
• Noun: a play - game
• Ver.: to push - push →
• Noun: a push
• Ver.: to ride - ride on horseback →
• Noun: a ride - riding on horseback
• Ch.: to set - install →
• Noun: a set - installation

Compound nouns in English

2. Composition
The essence of compounding is that by combining two or more simple words, we get a new complex word. Compound nouns can include both simple nouns and verbs and adjectives. Compound nouns can be written together or with a hyphen.

• work + man = workman (worker)
• sea ​​+ food = seafood (seafood)
• sea ​​+ side = seaside (coast)
• rail + way = railway
• mail + box = mailbox (mailbox)
• black + board = blackboard (blackboard)
• arm + chair = armchair (chair)
• school + bag = schoolbag (briefcase)
• fire + fighter = firefighter (firefighter)
• snow + ball = snowball (snowball)
• girl + friend = girlfriend (friend)
• merry+ meeting = merry-meeting (festival)
• merry + go + round = merry-go-round (carousel)
• mother + in + law = mother-in-law (mother-in-law, mother-in-law)
• editor + in + chief = editor-in-chief (editor-in-chief)
• forget + me+ not = forget-me-not (forget-me-not)
• might + have + been = might-have-been (missed opportunity)

3. Affixation
The essence of affixation is that a prefix or suffix (and sometimes both) is added to the base of a word to form a new word. Knowing the meanings of prefixes and suffixes in English will make it much easier for you to understand the meaning of words that are unfamiliar to you.

Prefixes:

mis-; un-; im-; il-; ir-; dis-; in-; non-(express denial):

disagreement - disagreement, disorder - disorder, misunderstanding - misunderstanding, impossibility - improbability, imbalance - instability, imparity - inequality, indifference - indifference, independence - independence

anti-(meaning “opposite”, “against”):

antipoison - antidote, anti-fascist - anti-fascist

co-, com-, con-, col-(meaning “together”, “together”):

collaboration - cooperation, concord - agreement, co-worker - employee, co-existence - coexistence

post-(meaning “after”):

postgraduate - graduate student, post-postscript - second postscript

pre-(meaning “before”, “before”):

preimage - original, prototype, prepossession - predisposition, pre-arrangement - preliminary agreement

trans-(meaning “through”):

transplantation - transplantation, transposition - movement

ex-(meaning “previous”, “former”):

ex-president - former president, ex-husband - ex-husband, ex-champion - ex-champion

semi-(meaning “half”):

semicolon - semicolon, semi-basement - semi-basement, semi-circle - semicircle

sub-(meaning “under”, “below”, “less”):

subdivision - division, subway - subway, metro, submarine - submarine

inter-(meaning “between”, “among”, “mutually”):

interaction - interaction, interactionism - interactionism

re-(meaning "repeat"):

reassurance - confirmation, re-cross - repeated cross-examination, interrogation, remarriage - entering into a new marriage

de-(meaning “opposite”):

de-icier - deicer, dehydration - dehydration

macro-(meaning “big”, “many”):

macro-economics - macroeconomics, macrobiotic - longevity

micro-(meaning “very small/few”):

micro-electronics - microelectronics, microscope - microscope

mini-(meaning “small”):

mini hi-fi - mini music center, minibus - minibus

mono-(meaning “one”, “one and the same”):

monorail - monorail railway, monotone - monotony

multi-(meaning “many”):

multiformity - diversity, multimillionaire - multimillionaire

under-(meaning “under”, “little”):

underskirt - underskirt, underpayment - underpayment, undergraduate - student, underestimate - underestimation

over-(meaning “over”, “too”):

overestimation - revaluation

out-(meaning "outside"):

output - exit, out-patient - outpatient

Useful video: Prefix formation of nouns in English

Suffixes:

-ade(meaning action, process and result, as well as in borrowings from French and Spanish):

blockade - blockade, cascade - cascade

-age(meaning action, condition and result, and also found in borrowings from French):

marriage - marriage, marriage, usage - use, courage - bravery, voyage - travel

-ance (y), -ense(state or property value):

frequency - frequency, intelligence - intelligence, mind

-ant(meaning person and substance):

assistant - assistant, servant - servant, oxidant - oxidizer

-arian(meaning profession or occupation):

librarian - librarian, vegetarian - vegetarian

-su(meaning quality, condition or condition):

legacy - legacy

-dom(abstract meaning of status or state):

kingdom - kingdom, freedom - freedom

-her(legal terms or designation of the person to whom the action is directed):

employee - employee, refugee - refugee

-er, -or

leader - leader, reader - reader, player - player, buyer - buyer, inventor - inventor, aviator - aviator, calculator - calculator, lifter - lifting device, timer - device that calculates time

-r(designation of animate characters with the meaning of profession):

maker - manufacturer, user - user

-еу, -ау, -у(meaning of the totality, position):

jewelery - jewelry, jewelry, crockery - dishes, scenery - view, landscape

-hood(meaning social or marital status):

childhood - childhood, brotherhood - brotherhood, manhood - masculinity

-ian(meaning nationality or profession):

Russian - Russian, Ukrainian - Ukrainian, Bulgarian - Bulgarian, physician - therapist, musician - musician, academician - academician

-ics(meaning of sciences):

mathematics - mathematics, physics - physics

-ing(action):

meeting - meeting, proceeding - practice

-ique(meaning of French origin):

technique - equipment, boutique - boutique

-ism(meaning party, philosophical or religious movement):

racism - racism, Buddhism - Buddhism, capitalism - capitalism, vandalism - vandalism

-ist(the meaning of profession or belonging to a party, philosophical or religious movement):

pianist - pianist, communist - communist

-ity, -ety, -ty(meaning state, quality, condition):

agility - flexibility, flexibility - elasticity, ability - ability, activity - activity, activity

-ment(the meaning of an action or process or the meaning of a set of objects):

appointment - arrangement, pavement - pavement, government - government, movement - movement, equipment - equipment

-metry(meaning of sciences ending in -metry):

geometry - geometry

-ness(meaning condition, quality):

kindness - kindness, happiness - happiness, darkness - darkness

-nomy(meaning of sciences or activities ending in -miya):

astronomy - astronomy

-pathy(meaning feelings, emotions or illnesses):

sympathy - sympathy, antipathy - antipathy

-ship(meaning the relationship of groups of people or the meaning of a state, position or property and abstract concepts):

fellowship - partnership, brotherhood, readership - circle of readers of a publication, championship - championship, censorship - censorship

-sion, -tion, -ation(meaning of action, process or abstract concepts):

transformation - transformation, revolution - revolution, accommodation - housing, protection - protection, expectation - expectation, exclusion - exception, permission - permission

-th(quality value):

truth - truth, health - health
in this case, the root vowel often changes:
length - length, depth - depth, strength - strength

-ure, -ture(meaning of processes, states or specific examples).

The main difficulty with English verbs is that in English there is no rule by which their past form is formed. And worse than that, there is no logic in her education.

To use these verbs in the past tense, you need to memorize them. Moreover, many irregular verbs have two different past tense forms. To do this, you will need constant practice, which you can get in English courses for adults from Easy Speak.

Since when using irregular verbs you will come across the concepts of “verb forms” more than once, in this article we will look at what they are.

What are the forms of English verbs?

A verb is an action that someone/something does. For example: lie down, run, jump, swim.

All English verbs are divided into regular and irregular. Knowing whether a verb is regular or irregular is necessary in order to use it in the past tense.

In Russian we add "l" at the end to put the verb in the past tense.

Present time: reading, writing, walking, swimming.

Past tense: read, wrote, walked, swam.

In English, some verbs are formed according to rules, while others are not. I think you've already guessed that this is the difference between regular and irregular verbs.

Regular verbs in English- these are those verbs whose past form is formed according to the rules by adding the ending -ed.

For example

work - worked,
work - worked.

Irregular verbs in English- these are verbs whose past form is not formed according to the rules. At the same time, there is no logic in its education.

For example

buy - bought,
buy - bought.

One of the main difficulties for students is that there is no rule by which one can determine whether a verb is regular or irregular. You can find out only by looking it up in the dictionary or memorizing it.

Verb form is how the verb changes depending on the time it is used.

Both regular and irregular verbs have 3 forms.

Verb forms in English

All verbs have 3 forms.

First form verb- this is the verb itself in the present tense, in the initial form.

For example

(to) work - to work,
(to) do - to do,
(to) buy - buy.

Second form verb is a verb in the past tense (this form is used in all simple past tenses).

worked - worked,
did - did,
bought - bought.

Third form of the verb is a verb in the past tense, which also carries the characteristics of an object (this form is used in the tenses of the Perfect group).

worked - worked,
done - done,
bought - bought.

Note: Of course, when using the 3rd form in our speech, we do not translate it literally, but translate it in the usual past tense.

For example

I have done my homework.
I did my homework (Literally: I did my homework).

How are English verb forms formed?

In regular verbs, both forms of the past tense are formed according to the same rule, so attention is usually not focused on them.

To form the 2nd and 3rd forms, we add the ending -ed to the verb.

Work - worked - worked.

For irregular verbs, the 2nd and 3rd forms can:

• coincide with each other.

Have-had-had,
have - had.

• differ.

Do - did - done,
do - did.

This is precisely the complexity of irregular verbs. To use all 3 forms correctly, you need to memorize them.

Let's look again at the table of formation of 3 forms of verbs.

Table of verb forms in English.

Verb	1 form	2nd form education	3rd form education
Correct			Add the ending -ed to the verb.
Wrong	The initial form is a verb without changes.	We use the 2nd form of the verb.	We use the 3rd form of the verb.

In the article, we looked at the most popular ways to memorize irregular verbs and chose the most effective one.

Natalya Glukhova

How to form a verb in English?

07/04 2017

Good afternoon friends! Today, together with my English teacher, Ekaterina, I will tell you about the ways of forming verbs in English.

In linguistics, this topic belongs to the section – Words formations, so it can be called Words formations of verbs. As in Russian, the formation of verbs in English occurs using various methods: affixation, compounding, conversion and stress.

Let's take a closer look at the most common ways to get action words and the errors that are common in this topic.

From this article you will learn:

Where to begin?

The easiest way, known even to beginners in British, is to add a prefix. In Russian we also often use prefixes. Each prefix has its own meaning and conveys it to the resulting word. Look carefully at the examples given in the table and try to determine the meaning of the first morpheme yourself:

Console	Original	Received	Console	Original	Received
En-	Large	Enlarge Increase	Mis-	Understand understand	Misunderstand Do not understand
Dis-	Appear appear	Disappear disappear	Re-	Write	Rewrite rewrite
Under-	Pay	Underpay	Over-	Work	Overwork
	to pay	overpay		work	recycle

Have you noticed that some meanings of morphemes are very close to Russian?

This is due to the fact that they came from more ancient languages ​​- Latin, Greek and others into our and British speech.

So, let's check how correctly you understood the meanings of word-forming morphemes: en- to do or become what the original meaning of the word was, dis- the opposite action, under- to do something more than was necessary, mis- has the meaning of negation, re - similar to “over-” in our speech, over- to leave something unfinished.

Using prefixes is not at all difficult. It is worth noting that in modern English you can often find cases where prefixes merge with the word so much that they become part of the root: understand - to understand, prevent - to prevent.

After the root

We use the most frequent verbal suffixes in speech all the time. These include:
Fy-/ify- means action, with the meaning of the original adjective.

Electric (electric) – electrify (electrify).

Ate- is also intended to form action words from adjectives. By adding it to a noun, you get a word with the meaning “to do in any way.”

Granule (granule) - granulate (granulate).

Ize-/ise- use something, prepare for something, apply something.
Character (character, character) – characterize (characterize).
En – to use something, to do something.

Short (short) – shorten (cut, shorten).

Sometimes beginners may have questions regarding when which morpheme should be used and how to write them correctly. These difficulties can be easily solved with regular speech and reading exercises. Modern literature and press in the original language are perfect.

Read about how a noun is formed from an adjective using ity in new articles.

Within the meaning of

As a result of the change, the entire word moves from one part of speech to another. Then the translation can be understood by meaning. This is where your knowledge of sentence rules will come in handy. I talked about them before. You immediately remember that the predicate comes immediately after the subject, and translate the word accordingly.

For example:
My mother plants corns every spring. My mother plants corn every spring.
My father doesn’t like tropical plants. My dad doesn't like tropical plants.

New or variety

Let us separately dwell on changes in verbs within tense varieties. Please note that we deliberately do not say “verb formation” here, because conjugation does not belong to word-forming grammatical categories.

Forming the tenses of any English verb is changing the word to form its forms used in each tense. In this case, there is no new word.
All possible verbs can be combined into a table:

In it, auxiliary verbs are highlighted in blue, but essentially in the rule you see only 4 forms of the predicate:
V1 – initial form without the particle to.
V2 is the past tense form, for the formation of which we take the value in the table of irregular verbs or add the ending ed to the initial one.

V3 – participle, just like in the previous case, use the table (now the third column will be needed) or simply add ed.
V + ing is an infinitive ending in ing.
It’s not difficult at all, it’s even easier than conjugations in Russian, right?
Today we looked at ways to obtain verbs and how they change in different tenses. You can read more about the formation and forms of verbs, as well as about verbs in the simple future in new articles.

In order to easily use this knowledge, practice is absolutely necessary. Online courses with native speakers are perfect for expanding your vocabulary and training your existing speech skills. From zero to Intermediate in 20 weeks, vocabulary 3500 words, online training: video, audio, exercises, certificate of completion.

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In this article we will look at the varieties of verbs from the point of view of morphological composition, i.e. its structures. As we know, words usually have a word stem; in addition, they may have prefixes, suffixes, and endings characteristic of each part of speech. According to their structure, English verbs are divided into: simple, derivative, complex and compound or phrasal. Let's look at each group separately.

Simple verbs

Example sentences

The other guys call him a coward. The other guys call him a coward. Nobody cooks better than Liza. Nobody cooks better than Lisa. His hobby brought him fame and prosperity. His hobby brought him fame and prosperity.

Derived verbs

Example sentences

Why are you always criticizing me? Why do you always criticize me? Broadcasting company amplified the signal because of the weather conditions. The broadcaster boosted the signal due to weather conditions. When was America discovered? When was America discovered?

Compound Verbs

Example sentences

Don’t take decisions when emotions overflow. Don't make decisions when emotions are overwhelming. I underlined the announcement in the newspaper for you! I underlined the ad in the newspaper for you! How can you spend the whole evening daydreaming? How can you spend the whole evening with your head in the clouds?

Compound verbs

4. Composite verbs - a fairly large group that includes phrasal verbs - a combination of a verb with a preposition, as well as an adverb. A phrasal verb is an idiomatic expression in which the meaning of the main verb is often different from the meaning of the phrasal verb.
5. Compound verbs also include combinations of a verb with a noun (verb + noun collocation). These verbs are equivalents of one word.